So the book calls for a major investment of time and attention, but it pays back that investment very handsomely. This remains the major monument of Dutch Golden Age sculpture. In this book Michael North examines the Dutch Golden Age, when Dutch society boasted Europe's greatest number of cities and highest literacy rate, unusually large numbers of publicly and privately owned art works, religious tolerance, and a highly structured and wide-ranging social network. Thus during the 17th century, the Dutch Republic became more and more Europe's publishing house. Hugo Grotius (1583–1645) played a leading part in the foundation of international law. Below that stood skilled laborers, maids, servants, sailors, and other persons employed in the service industry.

For political events, see, Historical period of the Netherlands, roughly spanning the 17th century, Migration of skilled workers to the Dutch Republic, Sinnappah Arasaratnam, "Monopoly and Free Trade in Dutch-Asian Commercial Policy: Debate and Controversy within the VOC. Particularly good for beginners who want to get an overview in a succinct way. However, some figures, such as the philosopher Baruch Spinoza (1632–1677), experienced social stigma. [14] The home was an integral part of public life in Dutch society. With some exceptions (notably Dutch playwright Joost van den Vondel) the Baroque movement did not gain much influence. Early in the 17th century late Gothic elements still prevailed, combined with Renaissance motives. Cities took pride in their associations and promoted them. Publisher Description. Dutch traders shipped wine from France and Portugal to the Baltic lands and returned with grain for countries around the Mediterranean Sea. The Dutch Golden Age is one of the finest examples of independence breeding cultural pride.

The latter were associations at a city level that fostered literary activities, like poetry, drama and discussions, often through contests. Mothers were encouraged to breastfeed their children, as using a wet nurse would prevent a bond from forming between mother and child.

More moved to the north between 1585 and 1630 than Catholics moved in the other direction, although there were also many of these[clarification needed]. Accounts from travelers described the various freedoms young women were provided in the realm of courtship. Helen Gardner, Fred S. Kleiner, and Christin J. Mamiya. [13], Maternity and motherhood were highly valued in Dutch culture. [13] In addition to supervising maids, cooking, cleaning, and prating needlework, women were also encouraged to maintain some financial control over domestic affairs, such as going to market and buying their own food.

[23], This trend, along with the lack of Counter-Reformation church patronage that dominated the arts in Catholic Europe, resulted in the great number of "scenes of everyday life" or genre paintings, and other secular subjects. Comenius accepted the invitation of Laurens de Geer to visit Amsterdam, where he lived the last 14 years of his life (1656–1670). Public passersby could clearly view the entrance halls of Dutch homes decorated to show off a particular family's wealth and social standing. New town halls, weighhouses and storehouses were built. Sculptures were commissioned for government buildings, private buildings (often adorning house fronts) and the exteriors of churches. Copyright © 2020 Apple Inc. All rights reserved. Aristocrats also mixed with other classes for financial reasons: they married their daughters to wealthy merchants, became traders themselves or took up public or military office. Hobbes had to have his books printed there; Locke took refuge there during the five worst years of reaction in England before 1688; Bayle (of the Dictionary) found it necessary to live there; and Spinoza would hardly have been allowed to do his work in any other country.".

[13][14] Unmarried young women were known to enjoy various freedoms with their lovers and suitors, while married women enjoyed the right to publicly shame their husbands who patronized brothels. On the contrary, wealthy merchants bought themselves into the nobility by becoming landowners and acquiring a coat of arms and a seal. Intolerant inclinations, however, could be overcome by money.

Masterpieces from the Rijksmuseum Amsterdam are the perfect background for twentyfive quotes from the Renaissance. In the last decades of the century this trend towards sobriety intensified. Calvinism was the state religion in the Dutch Republic, though this does not mean that unity existed. In-depth conversations with experts on topics that matter. Already in 1609 much of this was accomplished, when a temporary truce was signed with Spain, which would last for 12 years. Dutch architecture was taken to a new height in the Golden Age. Lyons, Martyn. The prevalence of Calvinist sermons regarding the consequences of leaving young women unsupervised also spoke to a general trend of a lack of parental oversight in the matters of young love. Memento mori made place for Carpe Diem. [18] The "microscopes" were simple magnifiers, not compound microscopes. The major force behind new developments was the citizenry, notably in the western provinces: first and foremost in Holland, to a lesser extent Zeeland and Utrecht. He explores the reasons for the country's success in trade and industry as it emerged from the Eighty Years' War against Spain, and the ways that art played a role in the innovative climate of the times. [13] Dutch art at this time shows the idealized situation in which an unmarried young girl ought to conduct herself in situations such as courtship, which commonly included themes relating to gardens or nature, music lessons or parties, needlework, and reading and receiving love letters.

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