This spinal column provides the main support for your body, allowing you to stand upright, bend, and twist, while protecting the spinal cord from injury. Its concavity is due to the increased pressure exerting on the vertebrae due to a mass. Fig 5 – Characteristic features of a cervical vertebrae. Make the changes yourself here! [4] The vertebrae of the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar spines are independent bones and generally quite similar. Anatomy. The bodies of adjacent vertebrae are strongly anchored to each other by an intervertebral disc.
Intervertebral discs.

Spinal Anatomy › Lumbar Spine.

In the upper part of the thoracic region they are directed obliquely downward; in the middle they are almost vertical, and in the lower part they are nearly horizontal.

The cervical curve forms when the infant is able to hold up its head (at three or four months) and sit upright (at nine months). As the sclerotome develops, it condenses further eventually developing into the vertebral body. Adjacent to each vertebra emerge spinal nerves. This content does not have an English version. The spinal nerves leave the spinal cord through these holes. Each paired transverse process projects laterally and arises from the junction point between the pedicle and lamina. In a full-grown giraffe, each cervical vertebra is 11 inches tall.

updated > 9.2018 The joints between the articular facets, called facet joints, allow for some gliding motions between the vertebrae. ventral: the front or anterior side of the body. They then spring back when the weight is removed. This structure provides padding between the bones during weight bearing, and because it can change shape, also allows for movement between the vertebrae. The space between the dura mater and the bone is the epidural space. The posterior bulging of the nucleus pulposus can cause compression of a spinal nerve at the point where it exits through the intervertebral foramen, with resulting pain and/or muscle weakness in those body regions supplied by that nerve. Intervertebral discs unite the bodies of adjacent vertebrae. [7], From behind, the vertebral column presents in the median line the spinous processes.

Spinal stenosis is a narrowing of the spinal canal which can occur in any region of the spine though less commonly in the thoracic region. The spinous processes of the C3–C6 vertebrae are short, but the spine of C7 is much longer. Vertebrae are the 33 individual bones that interlock with each other to form the spinal column. The vertebral column is subdivided into five regions, with the vertebrae in each area named for that region and numbered in descending order. The less dense tissue that separates the sclerotome segments develop into the intervertebral discs. Figure 5. A single copy of these materials may be reprinted for noncommercial personal use only. paraplegia: paralysis of both legs and lower body below the arms indicating an injury in the thoracic or lumbar spine. Discs function like coiled springs. Some unusual variations include the saddle-shaped sockets between the cervical vertebrae of birds and the presence of a narrow hollow canal running down the centre of the vertebral bodies of geckos and tuataras, containing a remnant of the notochord. With increasing age, the water content of the nucleus pulposus gradually declines.

While vertebrae have unique regional features, every vertebra has three functional parts (Fig. The thoracic curve, concave forward, begins at the middle of the second and ends at the middle of the twelfth thoracic vertebra. The anterior longitudinal ligament runs down the anterior side of the entire vertebral column, uniting the vertebral bodies. Arising from the vertebral arch are the transverse, spinous, superior articular, and inferior articular processes. The anterior longitudinal ligament is thick and prevents hyperextension of the vertebral column. The range of motion in the thoracic spine is limited. The anterior longitudinal ligament runs the length of the vertebral column, uniting the anterior sides of the vertebral bodies. The vertebral column originally develops as a series of 33 vertebrae, but this number is eventually reduced to 24 vertebrae, plus the sacrum and coccyx.

Fig 4 – Herniation of an intervertebral disc.


…slipping of one of the vertebrae on the subjacent vertebra or on the sacrum, the triangular bone at the base of the spinal column. (b) An excessive curvature of the upper thoracic vertebral column is called kyphosis. The articulating vertebrae are named according to their region of the spine. Figure 12. These conditions are congenital abnormalities. Developmental anomalies, pathological changes, or obesity can enhance the normal vertebral column curves, resulting in the development of abnormal or excessive curvatures (Figure 2). Two transverse processes and one spinous process are posterior to (behind) the vertebral body. By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. With the aging of the baby-boom generation, employment for chiropractors is expected to increase. Injury and strain can cause discs to bulge or herniate, a condition in which the nucleus is pushed out through the annulus to compress the nerve roots causing back pain. Figure 6. In combination with the vertebral body, the vertebral arch forms an enclosed hole – the vertebral foramen.

Centra with flat ends are acoelous, like those in mammals. Together with the iliac bones, they form a ring called the pelvic girdle.

The primary curves (thoracic and sacral curvatures) form during fetal development.

Left and right superior articular facets articulate with the vertebra above. There are five sacral vertebrae, which are fused together. The shape of the vertebral body does, however, vary somewhat between different groups. The sacral promontory is the anterior lip of the superior base of the sacrum. This then splits to give the myotomes which will form the muscles and dermatomes which will form the skin of the back.


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