Additional references and scientific studies: The Optometrists Network is the most visited online platform for evidence-based research and up to date clinical management of eyecare. Gallaway, M., Scheiman, M.: The efficacy of vision therapy for convergence excess. Ophthal Physiol Opt, 6:213-20, 1986. Journal of the American Optometric Association, 1979, pages 715-718. Borsting E., Rouse M.W., Mitchell G.L., Scheiman M., Cotter S.A., Cooper J., Kulp M.T., London R., and The Convergence Insufficiency Treatment Trial Group. American Orthoptic Journal, 1999, 49:7-11. “The treatment of convergence insufficiency.” American Orthoptic Journal, 1999, 49:12-16. Hennessey D., Iosue, R.: Relation of symptoms to accommodative infacility of school-aged children. Etting, G.: Strabismus therapy in private practice: cure rates after three months of therapy. Diagnosis and Treatment of Accommodative and Vergence Anomalies Using Computerized Vision Therapy. Published by: National Eye Institute: Autism and Eye Movements, 2019: Autism linked to Eye Movement Control, Finding: Patching times can be reduced and still achieve a similar visual improvement. Vision therapy is often and effectively used for strabismus (commonly called esotropia or exotropia). In: Problems in Optometry, RP Rutstein (ed), 3(2): 312, 1991. Binocular Vision and Eye Muscle Surgery Quarterly, 1993, pages 91-106. 1,2 This condition most often presents in childhood and affects females more than males. Buzzelli, A.R. Swanson M. At-risk students in elementary education: effective schools for disadvantaged learners. Wittenberg S., Brock F.W., Folsom, W.C.: Effect of training on stereoscopic acuity. Examining the link between vision and literacy. Acute accommodative and convergence insufficiency. Keech, R.V. 3,4 Etiology Ass. Am J Optom & Physiol Opt 56(5): 285-291, 1979. Vis Sci, 69: 1992. Cooper J., Feldman J., Pasner K. Intermittent Exotropia: Stimulus Characteristics Affect Tests for Retinal Correspondence and Suppression. J Amer Optom Assoc, 57:132-40, 1986. How Do Traumatic Brain Injuries Cause Vision Problems? : Incidence of vision difficulties in children with learning disabilities. RE: Vision Therapy or Surgery for Exotropia by Mrs. Hyden Below is a thank-you letter sent to an eye doctor who provides Optometric Visual Therapy or Visual Training. Optometry. Hayes G.J., Cohen B.E., Rouse M.W., De Land P.N. "Sensory exotropia" occurs in the presence of poor vision. Sheedy, J.E., Saladin J.J.: Association of symptoms with measures of oculomotor deficiencies. Rustein R.P. American Journal of Optometry and Archives of the American Academy of Optometry, 1961, pages 369-388. Finding: Optometric and ophthalmological research supports the efficacy of vision therapy for treatment of the visual dysfunctions discussed in this article. Can Vision Problems Be Misdiagnosed as ADHD? Randomized Clinical Trial of Treatments for Symptomatic Convergence Insufficiency in Children. Carniglia P., Cooper J. Vergence Adaptation in Esotropia. Granet D.B., Gomi C.F., Ventura R., Miller-Scholte A.
Cohen, A.H., Soden, R.: Effectiveness of visual therapy for convergence insufficiencies for an adult population.
If you have eyes that do not properly work together, you may have had eye surgery. The Convergence Insufficiency and Reading Study (CIRS) group. Opt Vis Sci, 69 (4): 308-313, 1992. American Journal of Optometry and Physiological Optics, 1983, pages 982-989. Journal of the American Optometric Association, 1984, pages 31-37. Accommodative esotropia: efficacy of therapy. Vision characteristics of individuals identified as Irlen Filter candidates. Optom Vis Sci, 2000, 77: 663-69. : Use of a sustained visual attention task to determine children at risk for learning problems.
Flax, N., Duckman, R.H.: Orthoptic treatment of strabismus. The NYSOA vision screening battery — a total approach. Ask your ophthalmologist to develop a personalized therapy plan for you and work every week at retraining your eye-brain connections. Learning about Learning Disabilities, 2nd ed. Eds. Journal of the American Optometric Association, 1984, pages 491-494. Richman, J.E. Exotropia is the easiest type of strabismus to treat with vision therapy, saving the patient from the risks and uncertainties associated with strabismus surgery and the liklihood of repeat surgeries. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 1985, pages 42-50. Gruning C.F. Luu CD, Green JF, Abel L. Vertical fixation disparity curve and the effects of vergence training in a normal young adult population. Optometry and Vision Science, 1991, pages 441-451. Daum, K.: The course and effect of visual training on the vergence system. Strabismus 2005 Dec;13(4):163-8. This position may be: 1. Wick B, Wingard M, et al. : A review of the literature and a normative study of accommodative facility. It describes her research into treatment options for her daughter's exotropia and her choice of Vision Therapy over surgery. Please note: Some of the references are available as links to original published research or complete articles in PDF format.The articles can also be located on-line at Pubmed.org.
Vision therapy is also effective in improving the developments of the neural pathways and the eye-brain … Journal of the American Optometric Association, 1980, pages 489-493. Saladin, J.J., Rick, J.O. Optometry, 2001, pages 441-451. Journal of Behavioral Optometry, 1999, 10(5). Trans American Ophthalmology Society, 1989, 87: 158-168. Finding: Scientists find a more effective treatment for a common childhood eye coordination problem called convergence insufficiency (CI). Grisham, J.D., Bowman, M.C., Owyang, A., Chan, C.L. : Stereopsis, accommodative and vergence facility: do they relate to dyslexia? The doctor will use computer devices and tools, such as therapeutic lenses, prisms, and filters to retrain your nervous system. American Journal of Optometry and Physiological Optics, 1982, pages. Cooper J., Burns C., Cotter S., Daum K.M., Griffin JR, Scheiman M. Optometric Clinical Guideline: Care of the Patient With Accommodative or Vergence Dysfunction. Computer vision therapy exercises are designed to help reduce the effect of esotropia on your vision. Goldrich, S.G.: Oculomotor biofeedback and intermittent exotropia. Munoz DP, Armstrong IT, Hampton KA and Moore KD, “Altered Control of Visual Fixation and Saccadic Eye Movements in Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder.” J Neurophysiol, 2003 (90): 503-514. J Am Optom Assoc 59(2):95-105, 1988. Whenfusion is broken (by moving a hand or cover paddle from one eye to the next),the eyesassume a position of rest, called the phoric or tropic posture. J Optom Vision Dev 27, 1996, (4): 213-219. Leslie S., Optometric Management of Persistent Streff Syndrome with Vertical Yoked Prisms. Fischer B., Hartnegg K., “Effect of Visual Training on Saccade Control in Dyslexia.” Perception, 2000, 29(5):531-542. In: Problems in Optometry, RP Rustein (ed), 3(2): 331, 1991. Scheiman M, Mitchell L, Cotter S, Cooper J, Kulp M, Rouse M, Borsting E, London R, Wensveen J, Convergence Insufficiency Treatment Trial (CITT) Study Group.
The efficacy of visual therapy: Accommodative disorders and non-strabismic anomalies of binocular vision. Journal of the American Optometric Association, 1986, pages 20-26. Optom Vis Sci, 69:747-54, 1992. Inward (eso) 3. Optometry and Visual Science, 1991, pages 842-846. 9:6-10, 1998. Cooper J. Unfortunately for many, eye surgery is not always effective in treating strabismus. Anisometropic amblyopia: is the patient ever too old to treat? Solan, H.A., Ficarra, A.P., Brannan, J.R., Rucker, F. Eye movement efficiency in normal and reading disabled elementary school children: Effects of varying luminance and wavelength.
Sometimes surgery is required. American Journal of Optometry and Physiological Optics, 1982, pages 254-262. Intermittent exotropia: An intermittent exotropia is when one eye remains fixated on a target while the other eye drifts outward some of the time. 1979, pages 111-115. Alternative treatment for amblyopia. Finding: Genes linked to Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), and other developmental brain abnormalities, may be playing a role in people who cannot control their eye movements. Clinical management of nearpoint stress-induced vision problems. Optometry and Vis. American Journal of Optometry and Physiological Optics, 1984, pages 184-189. In an 2008 study published in the journal, Optometry, that studied oculomotor dysfunctions in acquired brain injury, the researchers concluded that, "[n]early all patients in the current clinic sample exhibited either complete or marked reduction in their oculomotor-based symptoms and improvement in related clinical signs, with maintenance of the symptom reduction and sign improvements at the 2- to 3-month follow-up. Hoffman, L.: The effect of accommodative deficiencies on the development level of perceptual skills. Neuro-ophthalmology 15(5):249-256, 1995. Cooper J., Feldman J., Eichler R. Relative Strength of Central and Peripheral Fusion as a Function of Stimulus Parameters. Ciufredda, K.J. Flax N., Duckman R. Orthoptic treatment of strabismus. Locate a Doctor in your area who is experienced and knowledgeable in diagnosing and treating exotropia. Sci., 1999, 76:94-101. Practical Optometry. : Training the visual accommodative system. The effectiveness of VT as a treatment modality for children with IXT is unknown because previous studies have largely limited observational or retrospective case series without comparison groups. : The efficacy of visual therapy: Accommodative disorders and non-strabismic anomalies of binocular vision. Eye coordination may not be developed enough to provide normal control of the person's binocular vision. Rouse, M.W.
Definition of optometric vision therapy, St. Louis, MO, June 1991. : Visual training, the alpha activation cycle and reading. : Convergence and divergence show large and sustained improvement after short isometric exercise.
Journal of the American Optometric Association, 1978, pages 673-680. Cooper, J., Feldman, J.: Operant Conditioning of fusional convergence ranges using random dot stereograms. Am. Vision training: predictive factors for success in visual therapy for patients with convergence excess. Journal of Behavioral Optometry, 1995; 6(3): 62-65. American Journal of Optometry and Physiological Optics, 1984, page 177. Farrar, R., Call, M., Maples, W.C., A comparison of the visual symptoms between ADD/ADHD and normal children. Birnbaum, M.H., Koslowe, K., Sanet, R.: Success in amblyopia therapy as a function of age. Suchoff I.B., Mozlin R. Vision screening of an adolescent inner city population: a high rate of failure and low compliance on a follow-up care. Fact sheets on optometric vision therapy, St. Louis, MO, June 1992. ?Objective improvement from base-in prisms for reading discomfort associated with mini-convergence insufficiency type exophoria in school children.
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